from itertools import product, chain
import os
import numpy as np
from . import circuit_latex as _latex
from ..operations import (
Gate,
Measurement,
expand_operator,
gate_sequence_product,
)
from qutip import basis, ket2dm, Qobj, tensor
import warnings
__all__ = ["CircuitSimulator", "CircuitResult"]
def _flatten(lst):
"""
Helper to flatten lists.
"""
return [item for sublist in lst for item in sublist]
def _mult_sublists(tensor_list, overall_inds, U, inds):
"""
Calculate the revised indices and tensor list by multiplying a new unitary
U applied to inds.
Parameters
----------
tensor_list : list of Qobj
List of gates (unitaries) acting on disjoint qubits.
overall_inds : list of list of int
List of qubit indices corresponding to each gate in tensor_list.
U: Qobj
Unitary to be multiplied with the the unitary specified by tensor_list.
inds: list of int
List of qubit indices corresponding to U.
Returns
-------
tensor_list_revised: list of Qobj
List of gates (unitaries) acting on disjoint qubits incorporating U.
overall_inds_revised: list of list of int
List of qubit indices corresponding to each gate in tensor_list_revised.
Examples
--------
First, we get some imports out of the way,
>>> from qutip_qip.operations.gates import _mult_sublists
>>> from qutip_qip.operations.gates import x_gate, y_gate, toffoli, z_gate
Suppose we have a unitary list of already processed gates,
X, Y, Z applied on qubit indices 0, 1, 2 respectively and
encounter a new TOFFOLI gate on qubit indices (0, 1, 3).
>>> tensor_list = [x_gate(), y_gate(), z_gate()]
>>> overall_inds = [[0], [1], [2]]
>>> U = toffoli()
>>> U_inds = [0, 1, 3]
Then, we can use _mult_sublists to produce a new list of unitaries by
multiplying TOFFOLI (and expanding) only on the qubit indices involving
TOFFOLI gate (and any multiplied gates).
>>> U_list, overall_inds = _mult_sublists(tensor_list, overall_inds, U, U_inds)
>>> np.testing.assert_allclose(U_list[0]) == z_gate())
>>> toffoli_xy = toffoli() * tensor(x_gate(), y_gate(), identity(2))
>>> np.testing.assert_allclose(U_list[1]), toffoli_xy)
>>> overall_inds = [[2], [0, 1, 3]]
"""
tensor_sublist = []
inds_sublist = []
tensor_list_revised = []
overall_inds_revised = []
for sub_inds, sub_U in zip(overall_inds, tensor_list):
if len(set(sub_inds).intersection(inds)) > 0:
tensor_sublist.append(sub_U)
inds_sublist.append(sub_inds)
else:
overall_inds_revised.append(sub_inds)
tensor_list_revised.append(sub_U)
inds_sublist = _flatten(inds_sublist)
U_sublist = tensor(tensor_sublist)
revised_inds = list(set(inds_sublist).union(set(inds)))
N = len(revised_inds)
sorted_positions = sorted(range(N), key=lambda key: revised_inds[key])
ind_map = {ind: pos for ind, pos in zip(revised_inds, sorted_positions)}
U_sublist = expand_operator(
U_sublist, dims=[2] * N, targets=[ind_map[ind] for ind in inds_sublist]
)
U = expand_operator(
U, dims=[2] * N, targets=[ind_map[ind] for ind in inds]
)
U_sublist = U * U_sublist
inds_sublist = revised_inds
overall_inds_revised.append(inds_sublist)
tensor_list_revised.append(U_sublist)
return tensor_list_revised, overall_inds_revised
def _expand_overall(tensor_list, overall_inds):
"""
Tensor unitaries in tensor list and then use expand_operator to rearrange
them appropriately according to the indices in overall_inds.
"""
U_overall = tensor(tensor_list)
overall_inds = _flatten(overall_inds)
U_overall = expand_operator(
U_overall, dims=[2] * len(overall_inds), targets=overall_inds
)
overall_inds = sorted(overall_inds)
return U_overall, overall_inds
def _gate_sequence_product(U_list, ind_list):
"""
Calculate the overall unitary matrix for a given list of unitary operations
that are still of original dimension.
Parameters
----------
U_list : list of Qobj
List of gates(unitaries) implementing the quantum circuit.
ind_list : list of list of int
List of qubit indices corresponding to each gate in tensor_list.
Returns
-------
U_overall : qobj
Unitary matrix corresponding to U_list.
overall_inds : list of int
List of qubit indices on which U_overall applies.
Examples
--------
First, we get some imports out of the way,
>>> from qutip_qip.operations.gates import _gate_sequence_product
>>> from qutip_qip.operations.gates import x_gate, y_gate, toffoli, z_gate
Suppose we have a circuit with gates X, Y, Z, TOFFOLI
applied on qubit indices 0, 1, 2 and [0, 1, 3] respectively.
>>> tensor_lst = [x_gate(), y_gate(), z_gate(), toffoli()]
>>> overall_inds = [[0], [1], [2], [0, 1, 3]]
Then, we can use _gate_sequence_product to produce a single unitary
obtained by multiplying unitaries in the list using heuristic methods
to reduce the size of matrices being multiplied.
>>> U_list, overall_inds = _gate_sequence_product(tensor_lst, overall_inds)
"""
num_qubits = len(set(chain(*ind_list)))
sorted_inds = sorted(set(_flatten(ind_list)))
ind_list = [[sorted_inds.index(ind) for ind in inds] for inds in ind_list]
U_overall = 1
overall_inds = []
for i, (U, inds) in enumerate(zip(U_list, ind_list)):
# when the tensor_list covers the full dimension of the circuit, we
# expand the tensor_list to a unitary and call _gate_sequence_product
# recursively on the rest of the U_list.
if len(overall_inds) == 1 and len(overall_inds[0]) == num_qubits:
U_overall, overall_inds = _expand_overall(
tensor_list, overall_inds
)
U_left, rem_inds = _gate_sequence_product(U_list[i:], ind_list[i:])
U_left = expand_operator(
U_left, dims=[2] * num_qubits, targets=rem_inds
)
return U_left * U_overall, [
sorted_inds[ind] for ind in overall_inds
]
# special case for first unitary in the list
if U_overall == 1:
U_overall = U_overall * U
overall_inds = [ind_list[0]]
tensor_list = [U_overall]
continue
# case where the next unitary interacts on some subset of qubits
# with the unitaries already in tensor_list.
elif len(set(_flatten(overall_inds)).intersection(set(inds))) > 0:
tensor_list, overall_inds = _mult_sublists(
tensor_list, overall_inds, U, inds
)
# case where the next unitary does not interact with any unitary in
# tensor_list
else:
overall_inds.append(inds)
tensor_list.append(U)
U_overall, overall_inds = _expand_overall(tensor_list, overall_inds)
return U_overall, [sorted_inds[ind] for ind in overall_inds]
def _gate_sequence_product_with_expansion(U_list, left_to_right=True):
"""
Calculate the overall unitary matrix for a given list of unitary operations.
Parameters
----------
U_list : list
List of gates(unitaries) implementing the quantum circuit.
left_to_right : Boolean
Check if multiplication is to be done from left to right.
Returns
-------
U_overall : qobj
Unitary matrix corresponding to U_list.
"""
U_overall = 1
for U in U_list:
if left_to_right:
U_overall = U * U_overall
else:
U_overall = U_overall * U
return U_overall
[docs]class CircuitSimulator:
"""
Operator based circuit simulator.
"""
def __init__(
self,
qc,
U_list=None,
mode="state_vector_simulator",
precompute_unitary=False,
state=None,
cbits=None,
measure_results=None,
):
"""
Simulate state evolution for Quantum Circuits.
Parameters
----------
qc : :class:`.QubitCircuit`
Quantum Circuit to be simulated.
U_list: list of Qobj, optional
list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit.
mode: string, optional
Specify if input state (and therefore computation) is in
state-vector mode or in density matrix mode.
In state_vector_simulator mode, the input must be a ket
and with each measurement, one of the collapsed
states is the new state (when using run()).
In density_matrix_simulator mode, the input can be a ket or a
density matrix and after measurement, the new state is the
mixed ensemble state obtained after the measurement.
If in density_matrix_simulator mode and given
a state vector input, the output must be assumed to
be a density matrix.
precompute_unitary: Boolean, optional
Specify if computation is done by pre-computing and aggregating
gate unitaries. Possibly a faster method in the case of
large number of repeat runs with different state inputs.
"""
self.qc = qc
self.dims = qc.dims
self.mode = mode
self.precompute_unitary = precompute_unitary
if U_list:
self.U_list = U_list
elif precompute_unitary:
self.U_list = qc.propagators(expand=False, ignore_measurement=True)
else:
self.U_list = qc.propagators(ignore_measurement=True)
self.ops = []
self.inds_list = []
if precompute_unitary:
self._process_ops_precompute()
else:
self._process_ops()
if any(p is not None for p in (state, cbits, measure_results)):
warnings.warn(
"Initializing the quantum state, cbits and measure_results "
"when initializing the simulator is deprecated. "
"The inputs are ignored. "
"They should, instead, be provided when running the simulation."
)
def _process_ops(self):
"""
Process list of gates (including measurements), and stores
them in self.ops (as unitaries) for further computation.
"""
U_list_index = 0
for operation in self.qc.gates:
if isinstance(operation, Measurement):
self.ops.append(operation)
elif isinstance(operation, Gate):
if operation.classical_controls:
self.ops.append((operation, self.U_list[U_list_index]))
else:
self.ops.append(self.U_list[U_list_index])
U_list_index += 1
def _process_ops_precompute(self):
"""
Process list of gates (including measurements), aggregate
gate unitaries (by multiplying) and store them in self.ops
for further computation. The gate multiplication is carried out
only for groups of matrices in between classically controlled gates
and measurement gates.
Examples
--------
If we have a circuit that looks like:
----|X|-----|Y|----|M0|-----|X|----
then self.ops = [YX, M0, X]
"""
prev_index = 0
U_list_index = 0
for gate in self.qc.gates:
if isinstance(gate, Measurement):
continue
else:
self.inds_list.append(gate.get_all_qubits())
for operation in self.qc.gates:
if isinstance(operation, Measurement):
if U_list_index > prev_index:
self.ops.append(
self._compute_unitary(
self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
)
)
prev_index = U_list_index
self.ops.append(operation)
elif isinstance(operation, Gate):
if operation.classical_controls:
if U_list_index > prev_index:
self.ops.append(
self._compute_unitary(
self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
)
)
prev_index = U_list_index
self.ops.append((operation, self.U_list[prev_index]))
prev_index += 1
U_list_index += 1
else:
U_list_index += 1
if U_list_index > prev_index:
self.ops.append(
self._compute_unitary(
self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
)
)
prev_index = U_list_index + 1
U_list_index = prev_index
[docs] def initialize(self, state=None, cbits=None, measure_results=None):
"""
Reset Simulator state variables to start a new run.
Parameters
----------
state: ket or oper
ket or density matrix
cbits: list of int, optional
initial value of classical bits
U_list: list of Qobj, optional
list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit.
measure_results : tuple of ints, optional
optional specification of each measurement result to enable
post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are
set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being
chosen at random.
"""
if cbits and len(cbits) == self.qc.num_cbits:
self.cbits = cbits
elif self.qc.num_cbits > 0:
self.cbits = [0] * self.qc.num_cbits
else:
self.cbits = None
self.state = None
if state is not None:
if self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator" and state.isket:
self.state = ket2dm(state)
else:
self.state = state
self.probability = 1
self.op_index = 0
self.measure_results = measure_results
self.measure_ind = 0
def _compute_unitary(self, U_list, inds_list):
"""
Compute unitary corresponding to a product of unitaries in U_list
and expand it to size of circuit.
Parameters
----------
U_list: list of Qobj
list of predefined unitaries.
inds_list: list of list of int
list of qubit indices corresponding to each unitary in U_list
Returns
-------
U: Qobj
resultant unitary
"""
U_overall, overall_inds = gate_sequence_product(
U_list, inds_list=inds_list, expand=True
)
if len(overall_inds) != self.qc.N:
U_overall = expand_operator(
U_overall, dims=self.qc.dims, targets=overall_inds
)
return U_overall
[docs] def run(self, state, cbits=None, measure_results=None):
"""
Calculate the result of one instance of circuit run.
Parameters
----------
state : ket or oper
state vector or density matrix input.
cbits : List of ints, optional
initialization of the classical bits.
measure_results : tuple of ints, optional
optional specification of each measurement result to enable
post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are
set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being
chosen at random.
Returns
-------
result: CircuitResult
Return a CircuitResult object containing
output state and probability.
"""
self.initialize(state, cbits, measure_results)
for _ in range(len(self.ops)):
if self.step() is None:
break
return CircuitResult(self.state, self.probability, self.cbits)
[docs] def run_statistics(self, state, cbits=None):
"""
Calculate all the possible outputs of a circuit
(varied by measurement gates).
Parameters
----------
state : ket
state to be observed on specified by density matrix.
cbits : List of ints, optional
initialization of the classical bits.
Returns
-------
result: CircuitResult
Return a CircuitResult object containing
output states and and their probabilities.
"""
probabilities = []
states = []
cbits_results = []
num_measurements = len(
list(filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, Measurement), self.qc.gates))
)
for results in product("01", repeat=num_measurements):
run_result = self.run(state, cbits=cbits, measure_results=results)
final_state = run_result.get_final_states(0)
probability = run_result.get_probabilities(0)
states.append(final_state)
probabilities.append(probability)
cbits_results.append(self.cbits)
return CircuitResult(states, probabilities, cbits_results)
[docs] def step(self):
"""
Return state after one step of circuit evolution
(gate or measurement).
Returns
-------
state : ket or oper
state after one evolution step.
"""
def _decimal_to_binary(decimal, length):
binary = [int(s) for s in "{0:#b}".format(decimal)[2:]]
return [0] * (length - len(binary)) + binary
op = self.ops[self.op_index]
if isinstance(op, Measurement):
self._apply_measurement(op)
elif isinstance(op, tuple):
operation, U = op
apply_gate = all(
[
self.cbits[cbit_index] == control_value
for cbit_index, control_value in zip(
operation.classical_controls,
_decimal_to_binary(
operation.classical_control_value,
len(operation.classical_controls),
),
)
]
)
if apply_gate:
if self.precompute_unitary:
U = expand_operator(
U,
dims=self.qc.dims,
targets=operation.get_all_qubits(),
)
self._evolve_state(U)
else:
self._evolve_state(op)
self.op_index += 1
return self.state
def _evolve_state(self, U):
"""
Applies unitary to state.
Parameters
----------
U: Qobj
unitary to be applied.
"""
if self.mode == "state_vector_simulator":
self._evolve_ket(U)
elif self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator":
self._evolve_dm(U)
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"mode {} is not available.".format(self.mode)
)
def _evolve_ket(self, U):
"""
Applies unitary to ket state.
Parameters
----------
U: Qobj
unitary to be applied.
"""
self.state = U * self.state
def _evolve_dm(self, U):
"""
Applies unitary to density matrix state.
Parameters
----------
U: Qobj
unitary to be applied.
"""
self.state = U * self.state * U.dag()
def _apply_measurement(self, operation):
"""
Applies measurement gate specified by operation to current state.
Parameters
----------
operation: :class:`.Measurement`
Measurement gate in a circuit object.
"""
states, probabilities = operation.measurement_comp_basis(self.state)
if self.mode == "state_vector_simulator":
if self.measure_results:
i = int(self.measure_results[self.measure_ind])
self.measure_ind += 1
else:
probabilities = [p / sum(probabilities) for p in probabilities]
i = np.random.choice([0, 1], p=probabilities)
self.probability *= probabilities[i]
self.state = states[i]
if operation.classical_store is not None:
self.cbits[operation.classical_store] = i
elif self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator":
states = list(filter(lambda x: x is not None, states))
probabilities = list(filter(lambda x: x != 0, probabilities))
self.state = sum(p * s for s, p in zip(states, probabilities))
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"mode {} is not available.".format(self.mode)
)
[docs]class CircuitResult:
"""
Result of a quantum circuit simulation.
"""
def __init__(self, final_states, probabilities, cbits=None):
"""
Store result of CircuitSimulator.
Parameters
----------
final_states: list of Qobj.
List of output kets or density matrices.
probabilities: list of float.
List of probabilities of obtaining each output state.
cbits: list of list of int, optional
List of cbits for each output.
"""
if isinstance(final_states, Qobj) or final_states is None:
self.final_states = [final_states]
self.probabilities = [probabilities]
if cbits:
self.cbits = [cbits]
else:
inds = list(
filter(
lambda x: final_states[x] is not None,
range(len(final_states)),
)
)
self.final_states = [final_states[i] for i in inds]
self.probabilities = [probabilities[i] for i in inds]
if cbits:
self.cbits = [cbits[i] for i in inds]
[docs] def get_final_states(self, index=None):
"""
Return list of output states.
Parameters
----------
index: int
Indicates i-th state to be returned.
Returns
-------
final_states: Qobj or list of Qobj.
List of output kets or density matrices.
"""
if index is not None:
return self.final_states[index]
return self.final_states
[docs] def get_probabilities(self, index=None):
"""
Return list of probabilities corresponding to the output states.
Parameters
----------
index: int
Indicates i-th probability to be returned.
Returns
-------
probabilities: float or list of float
Probabilities associated with each output state.
"""
if index is not None:
return self.probabilities[index]
return self.probabilities
[docs] def get_cbits(self, index=None):
"""
Return list of classical bit outputs corresponding to the results.
Parameters
----------
index: int
Indicates i-th output, probability pair to be returned.
Returns
-------
cbits: list of int or list of list of int
list of classical bit outputs
"""
if index is not None:
return self.cbits[index]
return self.cbits